ABSTRACT Fennel Foeniculum vulgare mature fruit, commonly known as seeds, an essential oil of fennel, is widely used as a flavouring agent in food products such as bread, cheese, and liqueurs and as an ingredient in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Traditionally, in Europe and Mediterranean areas, fennel is used as an antispasmodic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, secretolytic, and antioxidant remedy. In…